Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, which mediate the dynamics of the known subatomic particles. Developed throughout the mid to late 20th century, the current formulation was finalized in the mid 1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks.
The Standard Model is the simplest set of ingredients - elementary particles - needed to make up the world we see in the heavens and in the laboratory
The Standard Model includes 12 elementary particles of spin known as fermions. The fermions of the Standard Model are classified according to how they interact (or equivalently, by what charges they carry). There are six quarks (up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom), and six leptons (electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, tau neutrino).
The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, which mediate the dynamics of the known subatomic particles. Developed throughout the mid to late 20th century, the current formulation was finalized in the mid 1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks.
The Standard Model is the simplest set of ingredients - elementary particles - needed to make up the world we see in the heavens and in the laboratory
In the Standard Model, gauge bosons are defined as force carriers that mediate the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental interactions.
Quarks is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei
Hadron: Hadrons are categorized into two families: baryons (made of three quarks) and mesons (made of one quark and one antiquark). The best-known hadrons are protons and neutrons (both baryons), which are components of atomic nuclei.
Leptons come in charged and uncharged versions; electrons - the most familiar charged lepton - together with quarks make up all the matter we can see; the uncharged leptons are neutrinos, which rarely interact with matter
The "force carriers" are particles whose movements are observed as familiar forces such as those behind electricity and light (electromagnetism) and radioactive decay (the weak nuclear force)
The Higgs boson came about because although the Standard Model holds together neatly, nothing requires the particles to have mass; for a fuller theory, the Higgs - or something else - must fill in that gap
Hadron: Hadrons are categorized into two families: baryons (made of three quarks) and mesons (made of one quark and one antiquark). The best-known hadrons are protons and neutrons (both baryons), which are components of atomic nuclei.
Leptons come in charged and uncharged versions; electrons - the most familiar charged lepton - together with quarks make up all the matter we can see; the uncharged leptons are neutrinos, which rarely interact with matter
The "force carriers" are particles whose movements are observed as familiar forces such as those behind electricity and light (electromagnetism) and radioactive decay (the weak nuclear force)
The Higgs boson came about because although the Standard Model holds together neatly, nothing requires the particles to have mass; for a fuller theory, the Higgs - or something else - must fill in that gap
Higgs boson
The Higgs boson is an elementary particle predicted by the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics.
The Higgs boson is often referred to as "the God particle" by the media after the title of Leon Lederman's popular science book on particle physics, The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?. While use of this term may have contributed to increased media interest, many scientists dislike it, since it overstates the particle's importance. Lederman said he gave it the nickname "The God Particle" because the particle is "so central to the state of physics today, so crucial to our understanding of the structure of matter, yet so elusive," but jokingly added that a second reason was because "the publisher wouldn't let us call it the Goddamn Particle, though that might be a more appropriate title, given its villainous nature and the expense it is causing.
The Higgs boson is often referred to as "the God particle" by the media after the title of Leon Lederman's popular science book on particle physics, The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?. While use of this term may have contributed to increased media interest, many scientists dislike it, since it overstates the particle's importance. Lederman said he gave it the nickname "The God Particle" because the particle is "so central to the state of physics today, so crucial to our understanding of the structure of matter, yet so elusive," but jokingly added that a second reason was because "the publisher wouldn't let us call it the Goddamn Particle, though that might be a more appropriate title, given its villainous nature and the expense it is causing.
- It belongs to a class of particles known as bosons in Standard Model, characterized by an integer value of their spin quantum number.
- The Higgs field is a quantum field that fills all of space.
- Fundamental particles (or elementary particles) such as quarks and electrons acquire mass through the Higgs mechanism.
- Higgs boson is the quantum of the Higgs field, just as the photon is the quantum of the electromagnetic field.
- The Higgs boson has a large mass, however, which is why a large accelerator is needed to study it.
- The existence of the Higgs boson is predicted by the Standard Model to explain how spontaneous breaking of electroweak symmetry(the Higgs mechanism) takes place in nature, which in turn explains why other elementary particles have mass.
- It is the only elementary particle predicted by the Standard Model that has not yet been observed in particle physics experiments.
Quarks:
up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom
Leptons:
electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, tau neutrino
Elementary bosons (force-carrying particles):
Gauge bosons:
gluon, W and Z bosons, photon Other bosons
Higgs boson
Of these, only the Higgs boson remains undiscovered, but efforts are being taken at the Large Hadron Collider to determine whether it exists or not. Additional elementary particles may exist, such as the graviton, which would mediate gravitation. Such particles lie beyond the Standard Model.
Gauge bosons:
gluon, W and Z bosons, photon Other bosons
Higgs boson
Of these, only the Higgs boson remains undiscovered, but efforts are being taken at the Large Hadron Collider to determine whether it exists or not. Additional elementary particles may exist, such as the graviton, which would mediate gravitation. Such particles lie beyond the Standard Model.
